Journal of Biomechanics
Volume 40, Issue 12 , Pages 2636-2644 , 2007

Learning to walk with a robotic ankle exoskeleton

  • Keith E. Gordon

      Affiliations

    • Division of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2214, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, 345 E. superior St., Rm. 1406, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Tel.: +13122382996; fax: +13122382208.
  • ,
  • Daniel P. Ferris

      Affiliations

    • Division of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2214, USA
    • Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2214, USA
    • Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2214, USA

,Accepted 5 December 2006.

References 

  1. Bradley NS, Smith JL. Neuromuscular patterns of stereotypic hindlimb behaviors in the first two postnatal months. I. Stepping in normal kittens. Brain Research. 1988;466(1):37–52
  2. Davidson PR, Wolpert DM. Widespread access to predictive models in the motor system: a short review. Journal of Neural Engineering. 2005;2(3):S313–S319
  3. Derrick TR, Bates BT, Dufek JS. Evaluation of time-series data sets using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1994;26(7):919–928
  4. Duan XH, Allen RH, Sun JQ. A stiffness-varying model of human gait. Medical Engineering and Physics. 1997;19(6):518–524
  5. Emken JL, Reinkensmeyer DJ. Robot-enhanced motor learning: accelerating internal model formation during locomotion by transient dynamic amplification. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering. 2005;13(1):33–39
  6. Farley CT, Houdijk HH, Van Strien C, Louie M. Mechanism of leg stiffness adjustment for hopping on surfaces of different stiffnesses. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1998;85(3):1044–1055
  7. Ferris DP, Czerniecki JM, Hannaford B. An ankle-foot orthosis powered by artificial pneumatic muscles. Journal of Applied Biomechanics. 2005;21(2):189–197
  8. Ferris DP, Farley CT. Interaction of leg stiffness and surface stiffness during human hopping. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1997;82(1):15–22
  9. Ferris DP, Gordon KE, Sawicki GS, Peethambaran A. An improved powered ankle-foot orthosis using proportional myoelectric control. Gait and Posture. 2006;23(4):425–428
  10. Ferris DP, Louie M, Farley CT. Running in the real world: adjusting leg stiffness for different surfaces. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences. 1998;265(1400):989–994
  11. Ferris DP, Liang K, Farley CT. Runners adjust leg stiffness for their first step on a new running surface. Journal of Biomechanics. 1999;32(8):787–794
  12. Gordon KE, Sawicki GS, Ferris DP. Mechanical performance of artificial pneumatic muscles to power an ankle-foot orthosis. Journal of Biomechanics. 2006;39(10):1832–1841
  13. Kawato M, Wolpert D. Internal models for motor control. Novartis Foundation Symposium. 1998;218(1):291–304[discussion 304–7]
  14. Kim CM, Eng JJ. The relationship of lower-extremity muscle torque to locomotor performance in people with stroke. Physical Therapy. 2003;83(1):49–57
  15. Kim CM, Eng JJ, Whittaker MW. Level walking and ambulatory capacity in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury: relationship with muscle strength. Spinal Cord. 2004;42(3):156–162
  16. Kuo AD. Energetics of actively powered locomotion using the simplest walking model. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 2002;124(1):113–120
  17. Lam T, Anderschitz M, Dietz V. Contribution of feedback and feedforward strategies to locomotor adaptations. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2006;95(2):766–773
  18. Lam T, Pearson KG. The role of proprioceptive feedback in the regulation and adaptation of locomotor activity. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2002;508:343–355
  19. Lay, A.N., Hass, C.J., Richard Nichols, T., Gregor, R.J., 2006. The effects of sloped surfaces on locomotion: an electromyographic analysis. Journal of Biomechanics, in press, doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.05.023.
  20. Leroux A, Fung J, Barbeau H. Adaptation of the walking pattern to uphill walking in normal and spinal-cord injured subjects. Experimental Brain Research. 1999;126(3):359–368
  21. Maclellan MJ, Patla AE. Stepping over an obstacle on a compliant travel surface reveals adaptive and maladaptive changes in locomotion patterns. Experimental Brain Research. 2006;173(3):531–538
  22. Marigold, D.S., Patla, A.E., 2005. Adapting locomotion to different surface compliances: neuromuscular responses and changes in movement dynamics. Journal of Neurophysiology
  23. Meinders M, Gitter A, Czerniecki JM. The role of ankle plantar flexor muscle work during walking. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1998;30(1):39–46
  24. Nadeau S, Gravel D, Arsenault AB, Bourbonnais D. Plantarflexor weakness as a limiting factor of gait speed in stroke subjects and the compensating role of hip flexors. Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon). 1999;14(2):125–135
  25. Noble JW, Prentice SD. Adaptation to unilateral change in lower limb mechanical properties during human walking. Experimental Brain Research. 2006;169(4):482–495
  26. Okamoto T, Goto Y. Human infant pre-independent and independent walking. In:  Kondo S editors. Primate Morphophysiology, Locomotor Analyses and Human Bipedalism. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press; 1985;p. 25–45
  27. Okamoto T, Okamoto K, Andrew PD. Electromyographic developmental changes in one individual from newborn stepping to mature walking. Gait and Posture. 2003;17(1):18–27
  28. Prentice SD, Hasler EN, Groves JJ, Frank JS. Locomotor adaptations for changes in the slope of the walking surface. Gait and Posture. 2004;20(3):255–265
  29. Rossignol S. Plasticity of connections underlying locomotor recovery after central and/or peripheral lesions in the adult mammals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B–Biological Science. 2006;361(1473):1647–1671
  30. Sawicki GS, Domingo A, Ferris DP. The effects of powered ankle-foot orthoses on joint kinematics and muscle activation during walking in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury. Journal of Neuroengineering Rehabilitation. 2006;3:3
  31. Smith MA, Ghazizadeh A, Shadmehr R. Interacting adaptive processes with different timescales underlie short-term motor learning. PLoS Biology. 2006;4(6):e179
  32. Stephens MJ, Yang JF. Loading during the stance phase of walking in humans increases the extensor EMG amplitude but does not change the duration of the step cycle. Experimental Brain Research. 1999;124(3):363–370
  33. Thelen E, Cooke DW. Relationship between newborn stepping and later walking: a new interpretation. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1987;29(3):380–393
  34. Tokuhiro A, Nagashima H, Takechi H. Electromyographic kinesiology of lower extremity muscles during slope walking. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1985;66(9):610–613
  35. van Hedel HJ, Biedermann M, Erni T, Dietz V. Obstacle avoidance during human walking: transfer of motor skill from one leg to the other. Journal of Physiology. 2002;543(Pt 2):709–717
  36. van Soest AJ, Haenen WP, Rozendaal LA. Stability of bipedal stance: the contribution of cocontraction and spindle feedback. Biological Cybernetics. 2003;88(4):293–301
  37. Zatsiorsky VM. Kinetics of Human Motion. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2002;

PII: S0021-9290(06)00486-6

doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.12.006

Journal of Biomechanics
Volume 40, Issue 12 , Pages 2636-2644 , 2007