CFD analysis of pulsatile blood flow in an atherosclerotic human artery with eccentric plaques

Abstract 

Atherosclerosis is a slow vascular degeneration. It thickens the internal walls of a blood vessel locally depositing an atherosclerotic plaque. Such reduced lumen increases the resistance to blood flow. Plaques can be punctual (eccentric, here considered) or circumferential (symmetrical). Stenoses do not have a typical shape: we hypothesised here a reference geometry (trapezium) with its possible evolutions (semi-ellipse, triangle). Two criteria (Equivalent Area and Equivalent Dimensions) were then defined to compare the results among the 35 case studies numerically analysed with a Computational Fluid Dynamics code (Comsol Multiphysics 3.3). Blood was considered a Cassonian fluid with modified viscosity equation. The artery was cylindrical, rigid and straight, interested by a pulsatile blood flow. Among the variables: shape and dimensions of the stenoses; number of stenoses (single or coupled pathologies); mutual locations (3 possibilities). The main results were that the length of the consequent flow disturbance is due to the stenotic shape and height; blood flow recirculation, downstream of the pathology, is due to the slope of the stenotic walls; and the peak velocities depend on the shape and height of stenosis. The differences from case to case diminish in diastole.

Keywords: Computational fluid dynamics, Bio-fluid dynamics, Numerical simulations, Blood flow, Stenoses