Journal of Biomechanics
Volume 41, Issue 9 , Pages 1823-1831 , 2008

Predicted threshold against backward balance loss following a slip in gait

  • Feng Yang

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
  • ,
  • Frank C. Anderson

      Affiliations

    • Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
  • ,
  • Yi-Chung Pai

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 West Taylor Street, room 426 (M/C 898), Chicago, IL 60612, USA. Tel.: +13129961507; fax: +13129964583.

,Accepted 9 April 2008.

References 

  1. Anderson FC, Pandy MG. A dynamic optimization solution for vertical jumping in three dimensions. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering. 1999;2:201–231
  2. Atkinson LV, Harley PJ, Hudson JD. Numerical Methods with Fortran 77: A Practical Introduction. UK: Addison-Wesley; 1989;
  3. Bhatt T, Pai Y-C. Long-term retention of gait stability improvements. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2005;94:1971–1979
  4. Bhatt T, Pai Y-C. Can observational training substitute motor training in preventing backward balance loss following an unexpected slip during walking?. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2007;99:843–852
  5. Bhatt T, Wening JD, Pai Y-C. Influence of gait speed on stability: recovery from anterior slips and compensatory stepping. Gait and Posture. 2005;21:146–156
  6. Bhatt T, Wang E, Pai Y-C. Retention of adaptive control over varying intervals: prevention of slip-induced backward balance loss during gait. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2006;95:2913–2922
  7. Bhatt T, Wening JD, Pai Y-C. Adaptive control of gait stability in reducing slip-related backward loss of balance. Experimental Brain Research. 2006;170:61–73
  8. Borelli GA. De Motu Animalium. Berlin: Springer; 1680;(1989)
  9. Cham R, Redfern MS. Lower extremity corrective reactions to slip events. Journal of Biomechanics. 2001;34:1439–1445
  10. Corona A, Marchesi M, Martini C, Ridella S. Minimizing multimodal functions of continuous variables with the “simulated annealing” algorithm. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. 1987;13:262–280
  11. de Leva P. Adjustmnets to Zatsiorsky–Seluyanov's segment inertia parameters. Journal of Biomechanics. 1996;29:1223–1230
  12. Delp SL, Anderson FC, Arnold AS, Loan P, Habib A, John C, et al. OpenSim: open-source software to create and analyze dynamic simulations of movement. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 2007;54:1940–1950
  13. Ferber R, Osternig LR, Woollacott MH, Wasielewski NJ, Lee J-H. Reactive balance adjustments to unexpected perturbations during human walking. Gait and Posture. 2002;16:238–248
  14. Holbrook TL. The Frequency of Occurrence, Impact and Cost of Musculoskeletal Conditions in the United States. American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons; 1984;
  15. Kannus P, Parkkari J, Koskinen S, Niemi S, Palvanen M, Jarvinen M, et al. Fall-induced injuries and deaths among older adults. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999;281:1895–1899
  16. Lockhart TE, Woldstad JC, Smith JL. Effects of age-related gait changes on the biomechanics of slips and falls. Ergonomics. 2003;46:1136–1160
  17. Luttgens K, Hamilton N. Kinesiology: Scientific Basis of Human Motion. Madison, WI: Brown and Benchmark; 1997;
  18. Luukinen H, Herala M, Koski K, Honkanen R, Laippala P, Kivela S-L. Fracture risk associated with a fall according to type of fall among the elderly. Osteoporosis International. 2000;11:631–634
  19. Maki BE, McIlroy WE. The role of limb movements in maintaining upright stance: the “change-in-support” strategy. Physical Therapy. 1997;77:488–507
  20. Marigold DS, Bethune AJ, Patla AE. Role of the unperturbed limb and arms in the reactive recovery response to an unexpected slip during locomotion. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2003;89:1727–1737
  21. McIlroy WE, Maki BE. Age-related changes in compensatory stepping in response to unpredictable perturbations. Journal of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 1996;51:M289–M296
  22. Mille ML, Rogers MW, Martinez K, Hedman LD, Johnson ME, Lord SR, et al. Thresholds for inducing protective stepping responses to external perturbations of human standing. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2003;90:666–674
  23. Nubar Y, Contini R. A minimal principle in biomechanics. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics. 1961;23:377–391
  24. O’Sullivan SB. Strategies to improve motor control and motor learning. In:  O’Sullivan SB,  Schmitz. TJ editor. Physical Rehabilitation Assessment and Treatment. third ed,. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis; 1994;p. 225–249
  25. Pai Y-C. Movement termination and stability in standing. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 2003;31:19–25
  26. Pai Y-C, Patton J. Center of mass velocity-position predictions for balance control. Journal of Biomechanics. 1997;30:347–354
  27. Pai Y-C, Iqbal K. Simulated movement termination for balance recovery: can movement strategies be sought to maintain stability even in the presence of slipping or forced sliding?. Journal of Biomechanics. 1999;32:779–786
  28. Pai Y-C, Maki BE, Iqbal K, McIlroy WE, Perry SD. Thresholds for step initiation induced by support-surface translation: a dynamic center-of-mass model provides much better prediction than a static model. Journal of Biomechanics. 2000;33:387–392
  29. Pai Y-C, Wening JD, Runtz EF, Iqbal K, Pavol MJ. Role of feedforward control of movement stability in reducing slip-related balance loss and falls among older adults. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2003;90:755–762
  30. Pai Y-C, Yang F, Wening JD, Pavol MJ. Mechanisms of limb collapse following a slip among young and older adults. Journal of Biomechanics. 2006;39:2194–2204
  31. Pavol MJ, Pai Y-C. Feedforward adaptations are used to compensate for a potential loss of balance. Experimental Brain Research. 2002;145:528–538
  32. Pavol MJ, Owings TM, Foley KT, Grabiner MD. The sex and age of older adults influence the outcome of induced trips. Journal of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 1999;54:M103–M108
  33. Redfern MS, Cham R, Gielo-Perczak K, Gronqvist R, Hirvonen M, Lanshammar H, et al. Biomechanics of slips. Ergonomics. 2001;44:1138–1166
  34. Redfield R, Hull ML. On the relation between joint moments and pedaling rates at constant power in bicycling. Journal of Biomechanics. 1986;19:317–330
  35. Tang PF, Woollacott MH, Chong RK. Control of reactive balance adjustments in perturbed human walking: roles of proximal and distal postural muscle activity. Experimental Brain Research. 1998;119:141–152
  36. Thelen DG, Wojcik LA, Schultz AB, Ashton-Miller JA, Alexander NB. Age differences in using a rapid step to regain balance during a forward fall. Journal of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 1997;52:M8–M13
  37. Troy KL, Grabiner MD. Recovery responses to surrogate slipping tasks differ from responses to actual slips. Gait and Posture. 2006;24:441–447
  38. Yang F, Pai Y-C. Correction of the inertial effect resulting from a plate moving under low-friction conditions. Journal of Biomechanics. 2007;40:2723–2730
  39. Yang F, Anderson FC, Pai Y-C. Predicted threshold against backward balance loss in gait. Journal of Biomechanics. 2007;40:804–811
  40. Yang F, Passariello F, Pai Y-C. Determination of instantaneous stability against backward balance loss: two computational approaches. Journal of Biomechanics. 2008;41:1818–1822
  41. You J, Chou Y, Lin C, Su F. Effect of slip on movement of body center of mass relative to base of support. Clinical Biomechanics. 2001;16:167–173

PII: S0021-9290(08)00192-9

doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.04.005

Journal of Biomechanics
Volume 41, Issue 9 , Pages 1823-1831 , 2008