Journal of Biomechanics
Volume 43, Issue 1 , Pages 79-86 , 5 January 2010

Exogenous and endogenous force regulation of endothelial cell behavior

,Accepted 21 August 2009.

References 

  1. Acevedo AD, Bowser SS, Gerritsen ME, Bizios R. Morphological and proliferative responses of endothelial cells to hydrostatic pressure: role of fibroblast growth factor. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 1993;157:603–614
  2. Antonelli-Orlidge A, Saunders KB, Smith SR, D’Amore PA. An activated form of transforming growth factor beta is produced by cocultures of endothelial cells and pericytes. Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences of the United States of America. 1989;86:4544–4548
  3. Bader H. Dependence of wall stress in the human thoracic aorta on age and pressure. Circulation Research. 1967;20:354–361
  4. Baker AB, Ettenson DS, Jonas M, Nugent MA, Iozzo RV, Edelman ER. Endothelial cells provide feedback control for vascular remodeling through a mechanosensitive autocrine TGF-beta signaling pathway. Circulation Research. 2008;103:289–297
  5. Bergel DH. The static elastic properties of the arterial wall. Journal of Physiology. 1961;156:445–457
  6. Bergel DH. The dynamic elastic properties of the arterial wall. Journal of Physiology. 1961;156:458–469
  7. Berk BC. Atheroprotective signaling mechanisms activated by steady laminar flow in endothelial cells. Circulation. 2008;117:1082–1089
  8. Bhadriraju K, Yang M, Alom Ruiz S, Pirone D, Tan J, Chen CS. Activation of ROCK by RhoA is regulated by cell adhesion, shape, and cytoskeletal tension. Experimental Cell Research. 2007;313:3616–3623
  9. Bonaccurso E, Cappella B, Graf K. Local mechanical properties of plasma treated polystyrene surfaces. Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2006;110:17918–17924
  10. Boutouyrie P, Tropeano AI, Asmar R, Gautier I, Benetos A, Lacolley P, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of primary coronary events in hypertensive patients: a longitudinal study. Hypertension. 2002;39:10–15
  11. Burton AC. Relation of structure to function of the tissues of the wall of blood vessels. Physiological Reviews. 1954;34:619–642
  12. Califano JP, Reinhart-King CA. A balance of substrate mechanics and matrix chemistry regulates endothelial cell network assembly. Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering. 2008;1:122–132
  13. Cameron JD, Dart AM. Exercise training increases total systemic arterial compliance in humans. American Journal of Physiology. 1994;266:H693–H701
  14. Chicurel ME, Chen CS, Ingber DE. Cellular control lies in the balance of forces. Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 1998;10:232–239
  15. Chen CS. Mechanotransduction—a field pulling together?. Journal of Cell Science. 2008;121:3285–3292
  16. Chien S. Mechanotransduction and endothelial cell homeostasis: the wisdom of the cell. American Journal of Physiology—Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2007;292:H1209–H1224
  17. Costa KD, Sim AJ, Yin FC. Non-Hertzian approach to analyzing mechanical properties of endothelial cells probed by atomic force microscopy. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 2006;128:176–184
  18. Cummins PM, von Offenberg Sweeney N, Killeen MT, Birney YA, Redmond EM, Cahill PA. Cyclic strain-mediated matrix metalloproteinase regulation within the vascular endothelium: a force to be reckoned with. American Journal of Physiology—Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2007;292:H28–H42
  19. Dai G, Kaazempur-Mofrad MR, Natarajan S, Zhang Y, Vaughn S, Blackman BR, et al. Distinct endothelial phenotypes evoked by arterial waveforms derived from atherosclerosis-susceptible and—resistant regions of human vasculature. Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences of the United States of America. 2004;101:14871–14876
  20. Dashwood MR, Savage K, Dooley A, Shi-Wen X, Abraham DJ, Souza DS. Effect of vein graft harvesting on endothelial nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide production. Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2005;80:939–944
  21. Davies PF. Flow-mediated endothelial mechanotransduction. Physiological Reviews. 1995;75:519–560
  22. Davies PF. Hemodynamic shear stress and the endothelium in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Nature clinical practice. Cardiovascular Medicine. 2009;6:16–26
  23. Davis GE, Senger DR. Endothelial extracellular matrix: biosynthesis, remodeling, and functions during vascular morphogenesis and neovessel stabilization. Circulation Research. 2005;97:1093–1107
  24. dela Paz NG, D’Amore PA. Arterial versus venous endothelial cells. Cell and Tissue Research. 2009;335:5–16
  25. Dembo M, Oliver T, Ishihara A, Jacobson K. Imaging the traction stresses exerted by locomoting cells with the elastic substratum method. Biophysical Journal. 1996;70:2008–2022
  26. Dembo M, Wang YL. Stresses at the cell-to-substrate interface during locomotion of fibroblasts. Biophysical Journal. 1999;76:2307–2316
  27. Deroanne CF, Lapiere CM, Nusgens BV. In vitro tubulogenesis of endothelial cells by relaxation of the coupling extracellular matrix–cytoskeleton. Cardiovascular Research. 2001;49:647–658
  28. Dewey CF, Bussolari SR, Gimbrone MA, Davies PF. The dynamic response of vascular endothelial cells to fluid shear stress. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 1981;103:177–185
  29. Diamond SL, Eskin SG, McIntire LV. Fluid flow stimulates tissue plasminogen activator secretion by cultured human endothelial cells. Science. 1989;243:1483–1485
  30. Driessen GK, Scheidt-Bleichert H, Sobota A, Inhoffen W, Heidtmann H, Haest CW, et al. Capillary resistance to flow of hardened (diamide treated) red blood cells (RBC). Pflugers Archive: European Journal of Physiology. 1982;392:261–267
  31. Engler A, Bacakova L, Newman C, Hategan A, Griffin M, Discher D. Substrate compliance versus ligand density in cell on gel responses. Biophysical Journal. 2004;86:617–628
  32. Feaver RE, Hastings NE, Pryor A, Blackman BR. GRP78 upregulation by atheroprone shear stress via p38-, alpha2beta1-dependent mechanism in endothelial cells. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2008;28:1534–1541
  33. Folkman J, Haudenschild C. Angiogenesis in vitro. Nature. 1980;288:551–556
  34. Fung YC. Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1993;
  35. Galbraith CG, Skalak R, Chien S. Shear stress induces spatial reorganization of the endothelial cell cytoskeleton. Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton. 1998;40:317–330
  36. Gentile AT, Mills JL, Westerband A, Gooden MA, Berman SS, Boswell CA, et al. Characterization of cellular density and determination of neointimal extracellular matrix constituents in human lower extremity vein graft stenoses. Cardiovascular Surgery. 1999;7:464–469
  37. Georges PC, Janmey PA. Cell type-specific response to growth on soft materials. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2005;98:1547–1553
  38. Ghosh K, Thodeti CK, Dudley AC, Mammoto A, Klagsbrun M, Ingber DE. Tumor-derived endothelial cells exhibit aberrant Rho-mediated mechanosensing and abnormal angiogenesis in vitro. Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences of the United States of America. 2008;105:11305–11310
  39. Gimbrone MA, Resnick N, Nagel T, Khachigian LM, Collins T, Topper JN. Hemodynamics, endothelial gene expression, and atherogenesis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1997;811:1–10
  40. Gossl M, Rosol M, Malyar NM, Fitzpatrick LA, Beighley PE, Zamir M, et al. Functional anatomy and hemodynamic characteristics of vasa vasorum in the walls of porcine coronary arteries. The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology. 2003;272:526–537
  41. Groothoff JW, Gruppen MP, Offringa M, de Groot E, Stok W, Bos WJ, et al. Increased arterial stiffness in young adults with end-stage renal disease since childhood. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2002;13:2953–2961
  42. Guerin AP, Pannier B, Metivier F, Marchais SJ, London GM. Assessment and significance of arterial stiffness in patients with chronic kidney disease. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension. 2008;17:635–641
  43. Guo WH, Frey MT, Burnham NA, Wang YL. Substrate rigidity regulates the formation and maintenance of tissues. Biophysical Journal. 2006;90:2213–2220
  44. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2000;
  45. Hahn C, Orr AW, Sanders JM, Jhaveri KA, Schwartz MA. The subendothelial extracellular matrix modulates JNK activation by flow. Circulation Research. 2009;104:995–1003
  46. Hastings NE, Simmers MB, McDonald OG, Wamhoff BR, Blackman BR. Atherosclerosis-prone hemodynamics differentially regulates endothelial and smooth muscle cell phenotypes and promotes pro-inflammatory priming. American Journal of Physiology—Cell Physiology. 2007;293:C1824–C1833
  47. Helmke BP. Molecular control of cytoskeletal mechanics by hemodynamic forces. Physiology (Bethesda). 2005;20:43–53
  48. Helmke BP, Rosen AB, Davies PF. Mapping mechanical strain of an endogenous cytoskeletal network in living endothelial cells. Biophysical Journal. 2003;84:2691–2699
  49. Hofstra L, Bergmans DC, Hoeks AP, Kitslaar PJ, Leunissen KM, Tordoir JH. Mismatch in elastic properties around anastomoses of interposition grafts for hemodialysis access. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 1994;5:1243–1250
  50. Hofstra L, Tordoir JH, Kitslaar PJ, Hoeks AP, Daemen MJ. Enhanced cellular proliferation in intact stenotic lesions derived from human arteriovenous fistulas and peripheral bypass grafts. Does it correlate with flow parameters?. Circulation. 1996;94:1283–1290
  51. Iba T, Sumpio BE. Morphological response of human endothelial cells subjected to cyclic strain in vitro. Microvascular Research. 1991;42:245–254
  52. Ingber DE, Folkman J. Mechanochemical switching between growth and differentiation during fibroblast growth factor-stimulated angiogenesis in vitro: role of extracellular matrix. Journal of Cell Biology. 1989;109:317–330
  53. Joannides R, Haefeli WE, Linder L, Richard V, Bakkali EH, Thuillez C, et al. Nitric oxide is responsible for flow-dependent dilatation of human peripheral conduit arteries in vivo. Circulation. 1995;91:1314–1319
  54. Kakisis JD, Liapis CD, Sumpio BE. Effects of cyclic strain on vascular cells. Endothelium. 2004;11:17–28
  55. Kalluri R. Basement membranes: structure, assembly and role in tumour angiogenesis. Nature reviews. Cancer. 2003;3:422–433
  56. Katanosaka Y, Bao JH, Komatsu T, Suemori T, Yamada A, Mohri S, et al. Analysis of cyclic-stretching responses using cell-adhesion-patterned cells. Journal of Biotechnology. 2008;133:82–89
  57. Kato S, Sasaguri Y, Azagami S, Nakano R, Hamada T, Arima N, et al. Ambient pressure stimulates immortalized human aortic endothelial cells to increase DNA synthesis and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (tissue collagenase) production. Virchows Archiv—An International Journal of Pathology. 1994;425:385–390
  58. Kaunas R, Nguyen P, Usami S, Chien S. Cooperative effects of Rho and mechanical stretch on stress fiber organization. Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences of the United States of America. 2005;102:15895–15900
  59. Kenagy RD, Fukai N, Min SK, Jalikis F, Kohler TR, Clowes AW. Proliferative capacity of vein graft smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts in vitro correlates with graft stenosis. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2009;49:1282–1288
  60. Kniazeva E, Putnam AJ. Endothelial cell traction and ECM density influence both capillary morphogenesis and maintenance in 3D. American Journal of Physiology—Cell Physiology. 2009;297:C179–C187
  61. Kondapalli J, Flozak AS, Albuquerque ML. Laminar shear stress differentially modulates gene expression of p120 catenin, Kaiso transcription factor, and vascular endothelial cadherin in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2004;279:11417–11424
  62. Kou B, Zhang J, Singer DR. Effects of cyclic strain on endothelial cell apoptosis and tubulogenesis are dependent on ROS production via NAD(P)H subunit p22phox. Microvascular Research. 2009;77:125–133
  63. Krishnan L, Underwood CJ, Maas S, Ellis BJ, Kode TC, Hoying JB, et al. Interaction of angiogenic microvessels with the extracellular matrix. American Journal of Physiology—Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2007;293:H3650–H3658
  64. Kumar S, Maxwell IZ, Heisterkamp A, Polte TR, Lele TP, Salanga M, et al. Viscoelastic retraction of single living stress fibers and its impact on cell shape, cytoskeletal organization, and extracellular matrix mechanics. Biophysical Journal. 2006;90:3762–3773
  65. Kuzuya M, Satake S, Ai S, Asai T, Kanda S, Ramos MA, et al. Inhibition of angiogenesis on glycated collagen lattices. Diabetologia. 1998;41:491–499
  66. Kuzuya M, Satake S, Miura H, Hayashi T, Iguchi A. Inhibition of endothelial cell differentiation on a glycosylated reconstituted basement membrane complex. Experimental Cell Research. 1996;226:336–345
  67. Langewouters GJ, Wesseling KH, Goedhard WJ. The static elastic properties of 45 human thoracic and 20 abdominal aortas in vitro and the parameters of a new model. Journal of Biomechanics. 1984;17:425–435
  68. Learoyd BM, Taylor MG. Alterations with age in the viscoelastic properties of human arterial walls. Circulation Research. 1966;18:278–292
  69. Lee T, Sumpio BE. Cell signalling in vascular cells exposed to cyclic strain: the emerging role of protein phosphatases. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry. 2004;39:129–139
  70. Lee YU, Drury-Stewart D, Vito RP, Han HC. Morphologic adaptation of arterial endothelial cells to longitudinal stretch in organ culture. Journal of Biomechanics. 2008;41:3274–3277
  71. Li S, Butler P, Wang Y, Hu Y, Han DC, Usami S, et al. The role of the dynamics of focal adhesion kinase in the mechanotaxis of endothelial cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences of the United States of America. 2002;99:3546–3551
  72. Liao D, Arnett DK, Tyroler HA, Riley WA, Chambless LE, Szklo M, et al. Arterial stiffness and the development of hypertension. The ARIC study. Hypertension. 1999;34:201–206
  73. Liu WF, Nelson CM, Tan JL, Chen CS. Cadherins, RhoA, and Rac1 are differentially required for stretch-mediated proliferation in endothelial versus smooth muscle cells. Circulation Research. 2007;101:e44–e52
  74. Liu XM, Ensenat D, Wang H, Schafer AI, Durante W. Physiologic cyclic stretch inhibits apoptosis in vascular endothelium. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters. 2003;541:52–56
  75. Lu L, Feng Y, Hucker WJ, Oswald SJ, Longmore GD, Yin FC. Actin stress fiber pre-extension in human aortic endothelial cells. Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton. 2008;65:281–294
  76. Lu L, Oswald SJ, Ngu H, Yin FC. Mechanical properties of actin stress fibers in living cells. Biophysical Journal. 2008;95:6060–6067
  77. Mammoto A, Connor KM, Mammoto T, Yung CW, Huh D, Aderman CM, et al. A mechanosensitive transcriptional mechanism that controls angiogenesis. Nature. 2009;457:1103–1108
  78. Mitra AK, Gangahar DM, Agrawal DK. Cellular, molecular and immunological mechanisms in the pathophysiology of vein graft intimal hyperplasia. Immunology and Cell Biology. 2006;84:115–124
  79. Nehls V, Herrmann R. The configuration of fibrin clots determines capillary morphogenesis and endothelial cell migration. Microvascular Research. 1996;51:347–364
  80. Nelson CM, Jean RP, Tan JL, Liu WF, Sniadecki NJ, Spector AA, et al. Emergent patterns of growth controlled by multicellular form and mechanics. Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences of the United States of America. 2005;102:11594–11599
  81. Nerem RM, Harrison DG, Taylor WR, Alexander RW. Hemodynamics and vascular endothelial biology. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1993;2:S6–S10
  82. Ngu H, Lu L, Oswald SJ, Davis S, Nag S, Yin FC. Strain-induced orientation response of endothelial cells: effect of substratum adhesiveness and actin–myosin contractile level. Molecular and Cellular Biomechanics. 2008;5:69–81
  83. Noria S, Cowan DB, Gotlieb AI, Langille BL. Transient and steady-state effects of shear stress on endothelial cell adherens junctions. Circulation Research. 1999;85:504–514
  84. Parang P, Arora R. Coronary vein graft disease: pathogenesis and prevention. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2009;25:e57–e62
  85. Passerini AG, Polacek DC, Shi C, Francesco NM, Manduchi E, Grant GR, et al. Coexisting proinflammatory and antioxidative endothelial transcription profiles in a disturbed flow region of the adult porcine aorta. Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences of the United States of America. 2004;101:2482–2487
  86. Paszkowiak JJ, Dardik A. Arterial wall shear stress: observations from the bench to the bedside. Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2003;37:47–57
  87. Peng X, Haldar S, Deshpande S, Irani K, Kass DA. Wall stiffness suppresses Akt/eNOS and cytoprotection in pulse-perfused endothelium. Hypertension. 2003;41:378–381
  88. Peyton SR, Ghajar CM, Khatiwala CB, Putnam AJ. The emergence of ECM mechanics and cytoskeletal tension as important regulators of cell function. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2007;47:300–320
  89. Peyton SR, Putnam AJ. Extracellular matrix rigidity governs smooth muscle cell motility in a biphasic fashion. Journal of Cell Physiology. 2005;204:198–209
  90. Pless DD, Lee YC, Roseman S, Schnaar RL. Specific cell adhesion to immobilized glycoproteins demonstrated using new reagents for protein and glycoprotein immobilization. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1983;258:2340–2349
  91. Posch K, Schmidt K, Graier WF. Selective stimulation of l-arginine uptake contributes to shear stress-induced formation of nitric oxide. Life Sciences. 1999;64:663–670
  92. Pradhan S, Sumpio B. Molecular and biological effects of hemodynamics on vascular cells. Frontiers in Bioscience. 2004;9:3276–3285
  93. Rabodzey A, Alcaide P, Luscinskas FW, Ladoux B. Mechanical forces induced by the transendothelial migration of human neutrophils. Biophysical Journal. 2009;95:1428–1438
  94. Reinhart-King CA. Endothelial cell adhesion and migration. Methods in Enzymology. 2008;443:45–64
  95. Reinhart-King CA, Dembo M, Hammer DA. Cell–cell mechanical communication through compliant substrates. Biophysical Journal. 2008;95:6044–6051
  96. Reinhart-King CA, Fujiwara K, Berk BC. Physiologic stress-mediated signaling in the endothelium. Methods in Enzymology. 2008;443:25–44
  97. Reinhart-King CA, Dembo M, Hammer DA. The dynamics and mechanics of endothelial cell spreading. Biophysical Journal. 2005;89:676–689
  98. Reinhart-King CA, Dembo M, Hammer DA. Endothelial cell traction forces on RGD-derivatized polyacrylamide substrata. Langmuir. 2003;19:1573–1579
  99. Roach MR. Biophysical analyses of blood vessel walls and blood flow. Annual Review of Physiology. 1977;39:51–71
  100. Schram MT, Henry RM, van Dijk RA, Kostense PJ, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, et al. Increased central artery stiffness in impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes: the Hoorn Study. Hypertension. 2004;43:176–181
  101. Shaik SS, Soltau TD, Chaturvedi G, Totapally B, Hagood JS, Andrews WW, et al. Low intensity shear stress increases endothelial ELR+ CXC chemokine production via a focal adhesion kinase-p38beta MAPK-NF-B pathway. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2009;284:5945–5955
  102. Sheriff D. Point: the muscle pump raises muscle blood flow during locomotion. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2005;99:371–372discussion 374-5
  103. Shi F, Chiu YJ, Cho Y, Bullard TA, Sokabe M, Fujiwara K. Down-regulation of ERK but not MEK phosphorylation in cultured endothelial cells by repeated changes in cyclic stretch. Cardiovascular Research. 2007;73:813–822
  104. Sieminski AL, Hebbel RP, Gooch KJ. The relative magnitudes of endothelial force generation and matrix stiffness modulate capillary morphogenesis in vitro. Experimental Cell Research. 2004;297:574–584
  105. Staton CA, Stribbling SM, Tazzyman S, Hughes R, Brown NJ, Lewis CE. Current methods for assaying angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. International Journal of Experimental Pathology. 2004;85:233–248
  106. Sumagin R, Brown CW, Sarelius IH, King MR. Microvascular endothelial cells exhibit optimal aspect ratio for minimizing flow resistance. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 2008;36:580–585
  107. Sumpio BE, Banes AJ, Levin LG, Johnson G. Mechanical stress stimulates aortic endothelial cells to proliferate. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 1987;6:252–256
  108. Toikka JO, Laine H, Ahotupa M, Haapanen A, Viikari JS, Hartiala JJ, et al. Increased arterial intima-media thickness and in vivo LDL oxidation in young men with borderline hypertension. Hypertension. 2000;36:929–933
  109. Tokunaga O, Fan JL, Watanabe T. Atherosclerosis and endothelium. Part II. Properties of aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells cultured at various ambient pressures. Acta Pathologica Japonica. 1989;39:356–362
  110. Traub O, Berk BC. Laminar shear stress: mechanisms by which endothelial cells transduce an atheroprotective force. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1998;18:677–685
  111. Ukropec JA, Hollinger MK, Woolkalis MJ. Regulation of VE-cadherin linkage to the cytoskeleton in endothelial cells exposed to fluid shear stress. Experimental Cell Research. 2002;273:240–247
  112. Vailhe B, Ronot X, Tracqui P, Usson Y, Tranqui L. In vitro angiogenesis is modulated by the mechanical properties of fibrin gels and is related to alpha(v)beta3 integrin localization.. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology—Animal. 1997;33:763–773
  113. Vernon RB, Lara SL, Drake CJ, Iruela-Arispe ML, Angello JC, Little CD, et al. Organized type I collagen influences endothelial patterns during “spontaneous angiogenesis in vitro”: planar cultures as models of vascular development. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology—Animal. 1995;31:120–131
  114. von Tell D, Armulik A, Betsholtz C. Pericytes and vascular stability. Experimental Cell Research. 2006;312:623–629
  115. Vouyouka AG, Jiang Y, Rastogi R, Basson MD. Ambient pressure upregulates nitric oxide synthase in a phosphorylated-extracellular regulated kinase- and protein kinase C-dependent manner. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2006;44:1076–1084
  116. Wang YL, Pelham RJ. Preparation of a flexible, porous polyacrylamide substrate for mechanical studies of cultured cells. Methods in Enzymology. 1998;298:489–496
  117. Wedding KL, Draney MT, Herfkens RJ, Zarins CK, Taylor CA, Pelc NJ. Measurement of vessel wall strain using cine phase contrast MRI. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2002;15:418–428
  118. Wong JY, Velasco A, Rajagopalan P, Pham Q. Directed movement of vascular smooth muscle cells on gradient compliant hydrogels. Langmuir. 2003;19:1908–1913
  119. Yamamura N, Sudo R, Ikeda M, Tanishita K. Effects of the mechanical properties of collagen gel on the in vitro formation of microvessel networks by endothelial cells. Tissue Engineering. 2007;13:1443–1453
  120. Yano Y, Geibel J, Sumpio BE. Tyrosine phosphorylation of pp125FAK and paxillin in aortic endothelial cells induced by mechanical strain. American Journal of Physiology. 1996;271:C635–C649
  121. Yeung T, Georges PC, Flanagan LA, Marg B, Ortiz M, Funaki M, et al. Effects of substrate stiffness on cell morphology, cytoskeletal structure, and adhesion. Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton. 2005;60:24–34
  122. Zhang J, Burridge KA, Friedman MH. In vivo differences between endothelial transcriptional profiles of coronary and iliac arteries revealed by microarray analysis. American Journal of Physiology—Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2008;295:H1556–H1561
  123. Zhou X, Rowe RG, Hiraoka N, George JP, Wirtz D, Mosher DF, et al. Fibronectin fibrillogenesis regulates three-dimensional neovessel formation. Genes and Development. 2008;22:1231–1243
  124. Zieman SJ, Melenovsky V, Kass DA. Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and therapy of arterial stiffness. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2005;25:932–943

PII: S0021-9290(09)00503-X

doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.09.012

Journal of Biomechanics
Volume 43, Issue 1 , Pages 79-86 , 5 January 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution