Journal of Biomechanics
Volume 43, Issue 5 , Pages 818-825 , 22 March 2010

The effect of positioning on the biomechanical performance of soft shell hip protectors

  • W.J. Choi

      Affiliations

    • Injury Prevention and Mobility Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +17787826679; fax: +17787823040.
  • ,
  • J.A. Hoffer

      Affiliations

    • Neurokinesiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
  • ,
  • S.N. Robinovitch

      Affiliations

    • Injury Prevention and Mobility Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
    • School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada

,Accepted 20 November 2009.

References 

  1. Birks YF, Porthouse J, Addie C, Loughney K, Saxon L, Baverstock M, et al. Randomized controlled trial of hip protectors among women living in the community. Osteoporosis International. 2004;15(9):701–706
  2. Bentzen H, Forsén L, Becker C, Bergland A. Uptake and adherence with soft- and hard-shelled hip protectors in Norwegian nursing homes: a cluster randomized trial. Osteoporosis International. 2008;19(1):101–111
  3. Chan DK, Hillier G, Coore M, Cooke R, Monk R, Mills J, et al. Effectiveness and acceptability of a newly designed hip protector: a pilot study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2000;30(1):25–34
  4. Cameron ID, Cumming RG, Kurrle SE, Quine S, Lockwood K, Salkeld G, et al. A randomised trial of hip protector use by frail older women living in their own homes. Injury Prevention. 2003;9(2):138–141
  5. Cameron ID, Venman J, Kurrle SE, Lockwood K, Birks C, Cumming RG, et al. Hip protectors in aged-care facilities: a randomized trial of use by individual higher-risk residents. Age and Ageing. 2001;30(6):477–481
  6. Cameron, I.D., Robinovitch, S., Birge, S., Kannus, P., Khan, K., Lauritzen, J., Howland, J., Evans, S., Minns, J., Laing, A., Cripton, P., Derler, S., Plant, D., Kiel, D.P., 2010. Hip protectors: recommendations for conducting clinical trials-an international consensus statement (part II). Osteoporosis International 21 (1), 1–10.
  7. Choi, W.J., Hoffer, J.A., Robinovitch, S.N., 2009. Effect of hip protectors, falling angle and body mass index on pressure distribution over the hip during simulated falls. Clinical Biomechanics, doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2009.08.009.
  8. Derler S, Spierings AB, Schmitt KU. Anatomical hip model for the mechanical testing of hip protectors. Medical Engineering and Physics. 2005;27(6):475–485
  9. Ekman A, Mallmin H, Michaelsson N, Ljunghall S. External hip protectors to prevent osteoporotic hip fractures. Lancet. 1997;350(9077):563–564
  10. Feldman F, Robinovitch SN. Reducing hip fracture risk during sideways falls: evidence in young adults of the protective effects of impact to the hands and stepping. Journal of Biomechanics. 2007;40(12):2612–2618
  11. Forsen L, Sogaard AJ, Sandvig S, Schuller A, Roed U, Arstad C. Risk of hip fracture in protected and unprotected falls in nursing homes in Norway. Injury Prevention. 2004;10(1):16–20
  12. Grisso JA, Schwarz DF, Wishner AR, Weene B, Holmes JH, Sutton RL. Injuries in an elderly inner-city population. Journal of the American Geriatric Society. 1990;38(12):1326–1331
  13. Harada A, Mizuno M, Takemura M, Tokuda H, Okuizumi H, Niino N. Hip fracture prevention trial using hip protectors in Japanese nursing homes. Osteoporosis International. 2001;12(3):215–221
  14. Hsiao ET, Robinovitch SN. Common protective movements govern unexpected falls from standing height. Journal of Biomechanics. 1998;31(1):1–9
  15. Kannus P, Parkkari J, Poutala J. Comparison of force attenuation properties of four different hip protectors under simulated falling conditions in the elderly: an in vitro biomechanical study. Bone. 1999;25(2):229–235
  16. Kannus P, Parkkari J, Niemi S, Pasanen M, Palvanen M, Järvinen M, et al. Prevention of hip fracture in elderly people with use of a hip protector. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000;23;343(21):1506–1513
  17. Kiel DP, Magaziner J, Zimmerman S, Ball L, Barton BA, Brown KM, et al. Efficacy of a hip protector to prevent hip fracture in nursing home residents: the HIP PRO randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2007;25;298(4):413–422
  18. Koike T, Orito Y, Toyoda H, Tada M, Sugama R, Hoshino M, et al. External hip protectors are effective for the elderly with higher-than-average risk factors for hip fractures. Osteoporosis International. 2009;20(9):1613–1620
  19. Lauritzen JB, Petersen MM, Lund B. Effect of external hip protectors on hip fractures. Lancet. 1993;341(8836):11–13
  20. Laing AC, Robinovitch SN. The force attenuation provided by hip protectors depends on impact velocity, pelvic size, and soft tissue stiffness. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 2008;130(6):061005
  21. Meyer G, Warnke A, Bender R, Mühlhauser I. Effect on hip fractures of increased use of hip protectors in nursing homes: cluster randomized controlled trial. BMJ. 2003;326(7380):76
  22. Minns RJ, Marsh AM, Chuck A, Todd J. Are hip protectors correctly positioned in use?. Age and Ageing. 2007;36(2):140–144
  23. O'Halloran PD, Cran GW, Beringer TR, Kernohan G, O'Neill C, Orr J, et al. A cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate a policy of making hip protectors available to residents of nursing homes. Age and Ageing. 2004;33(6):582–588
  24. Parker MJ, Gillespie WJ, Gillespie LD. Effectiveness of hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in elderly people: systematic review. BMJ. 2006;332(7541):571–574
  25. Parkkari J, Kannus P, Heikkila J, Poutala J, Sievanen H, Vuori I. Energy-shunting external hip protector attenuates the peak femoral impact force below the theoretical fracture threshold: an in vitro biomechanical study under falling conditions of the elderly. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 1995;10(10):1437–1442
  26. Robinovitch, S.N., Evans, S.L., Minns, J., Laing, A.C., Kannus, P., Cripton, P.A., Derler, S., Birge, S.J., Plant, D., Cameron, I.D., Kiel, D.P., Howland, J., Khan, K., Lauritzen, J.B., 2009. Hip protectors: recommendations for biomechanical testing-an international consensus statement (part I). Osteoporosis International 20 (12), 1977–1988.
  27. van Schoor NM, Smit JH, Twisk JWR, Bouter LM, Lips P. Prevention of hip fractures by external hip protectors—a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003;289(15):1957–1962
  28. van Schoor NM, van der Veen AJ, Schaap LA, Smit TH, Lips P. Biomechanical comparison of hard and soft hip protectors, and the influence of soft tissue. Bone. 2006;39(2):401–407

PII: S0021-9290(09)00669-1

doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.11.023

Journal of Biomechanics
Volume 43, Issue 5 , Pages 818-825 , 22 March 2010